FASCISM

The spread of fascist movements across Europe in the 20th century took various forms, often merging with or challenging existing authoritarian and conservative regimes. In Spain, elements of fascism were integrated into Francisco Franco’s military dictatorship, which bore the hallmarks of fascist ideology. In Poland, the anti-Semitic Falanga, led by Bolesław Piasecki, gained influence but failed to topple the conservative government of Józef Piłsudski. In Finland, the Lapua Movement under Vihtori Kosola attempted a coup in 1932, only to be subdued by a conservative military-backed response.
Hungary saw the emergence of the Arrow Cross Party, headed by Ferenc Szálasi, which advocated fascist principles but was initially suppressed by the conservative regime of Miklós Horthy. Only in 1944, under German occupation, was Szálasi installed as a puppet ruler. In Romania, the Iron Guard—a violent fascist group also known as the Legion of the Archangel Michael—was led by Corneliu Codreanu and temporarily aligned with existing power structures. However, King Carol II dissolved the movement in 1938, arresting Codreanu and executing him under dubious circumstances. Though remnants of the Iron Guard resurfaced briefly in 1940, they were ultimately crushed by Romanian conservatives the following year.
Fascism, as a political philosophy, is fundamentally antithetical to democracy. It champions the supremacy of the state and often a dominant racial or ethnic group, while demanding absolute loyalty to a centralized, autocratic leader. Under fascist regimes, social and economic life is strictly controlled, dissent is outlawed, and violence is employed to silence opposition. The historical consequences of fascism—world wars, genocide, and widespread repression—stand as a stark warning against its resurgence.
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